"My services are currently examining allegations of anticompetitive conduct in the field of online research. The work is at a preliminary stage, but given the importance of online research on a competitive digital market, I look at these allegations very carefully, "said Joaquin Almunia.Without mentioning Google by name, the European envoy said that "the first search engine in Europe has a market share of 95%.

He also wondered about the possible manipulation of search engine results, while "information flows more quickly over the Internet." Finally, he noted that if the Web services differ, they are very likely to opt for the same business model: the monetization through advertising. A market where Google is also present through the marketing of listings.

Facebook in the viewfinder

The speech wrapped kits diplomatic caution suggests difficult days for Google, which could suffer the same fate that other giant U.S. technology in Brussels.Methodically pursued by the European Commission for ten years for abuse of dominant position, Microsoft has been fined for an amount of 1.68 billion euros.

Google, for its part, denies any evil intent. "We have always worked hard to ensure our success was gained in a fair, through technological innovation and good products, rather than the confinement of our users or advertisers, or creating artificial barriers to entry, "stated the group after the filing of complaints to Brussels in February.

If the question of Google has become the most urgent, Brussels is not only concerned the latter's dominance in online search. Social networks are also in the crosshairs of Joaquin Almunia. European number one, Facebook has a market share of 70%, he believes.But "changing search engine may seem easy enough. Changing social network is more difficult because of the effects of stronger networks and data portability, "says the vice-president of the Commission. Another concern: "The online advertising market is it the same when the advertising is broadcast on search engines or social networks?"

In the case of Google as Facebook, Brussels fears that having acquired strong positions in their respective markets allows these players to capture other activities.

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The global study was conducted among 136,000 people in 132 countries between 2005 and 2006. His basic premise: there are two definitions of happiness. On the one hand, happiness linked to a sense of well-being. On the other, that which is derived from specific moments of joy.If the first definition depends largely on personal income and wealth of the state in which one lives, the second responds rather to how psychological and social needs of all are met, the researchers said Gallup.

Yet with the highest GDP per capita in the world (46,400 dollars per capita, according to the CIA), the U.S. can only 16th in the ranking prepared by Gallup in regard to the general welfare, and only in 26th position out of 132 in terms of moments of satisfaction. The Americans were upstaged by the Danes, who are happiest with a general point of view, and by New Zealanders, who are champions of the moments of joy. Far from the United States, Denmark is the 31st worldwide in terms of GDP per capita ($ 36,000 in 2009) and New Zealand 51st (to 27,300 dollars), according to CIA data.

The importance of social relationships

"While enriched with a sense of general satisfaction on his life, it is perhaps not as big an impact than we imagine how we appreciate each moment," says Ed Diener, a researcher at the University of Illinois and in Gallup. The researcher stresses the importance of "quality of social relations" in the lives of everyone. He cites, for example, Costa Rica, despite income levels below those of South Korea, would have a population happier.

One issue that has also gained ground in France. To determine the limits of GDP as an indicator of social progress, President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2008 mandated a committee chaired by Professor Joseph Stiglitz, the Nobel Prize in economics.Its report, delivered in late 2009, believes that there is often "a gap between declared, first, the usual measures of major socio-economic variables such as growth, inflation, unemployment, etc.., And, Moreover, widespread perceptions of these realities. " The Committee also questioned "the relevance of these data as a tool to measure societal well-being."

The adage has limits

For example, northern Europe and Anglo-Saxon beautiful lie on top of the global economic scale, these areas have nothing to envy of Latin America, which is relatively well positioned in the rankings of Gallup . This reasoning, however, limits. "Many if not most people want and run after money for most of their days, in fact, admit the authors of the study.Unsurprisingly, the countries of Africa's poorest arrive back of the pack, and this, in the two rankings of happiness!

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LE FIGARO – The morale of your customer shops is it affected by the crisis?

Jean-Charles Naouri – Many signs show that pessimism has worsened. He returned in September 2008, at the peak of the crisis. Because of the crisis of Greek and that of the euro, the fear of losing his job and has increased the concern about the standard of living reached a record high since 2007.The French prefer the job security to their purchasing power and their career. This general pessimism is, however disconnected from the real economy, which seems to gradually resume. The France is no longer in a situation of risk of deflation, interest rates are permanently lower guarantee for the future and the weak euro is an element of revival. The figures, including our own business performance, are better that one or two years.

Consumer behavior changes there?

We found two relatively recent trends: first, in an environment perceived as more complex, consumers no longer want it decides for them. They want to regain control over the quality of products, their origin and value for money in particular.Similarly, while far to the client, other consumers were at best indifferent and at worst seen as troublemakers, he now draws more and more choices to their preferences and ratings. This horizontal communication facilitated by the Internet, this new proximity, we must reflect and inspire us to develop relationships with our customers in and outside the store.

How are you adapting?

We have an edge in this field, for we have long since put its proximity to the heart of our strategy. We could for example indicate, in each point of sale, the preferred products or selling. We already strong commitments on the quality of our products.We reassure our customers, for example about what they buy indicating on the Casino-brand products, in addition to the nutritional use, carbon footprint, or that they are no palm oil and gluten free. We just set up within the group, a Health Committee attended by several senior experts whose mission is to anticipate health issues and help Casino in making choices on offer. We also test innovative book-entry systems allow customers to share their recommendations.

Hypermarkets Géant Casino continue to lose market share.Are they so essential for the massification of procurement and management of shopping malls you plan to transfer them not to invest in your most promising formats nearby?

I believe in small and medium format hypermarkets (6 000-8 000 square meters), which constitute the backbone of malls. I believe in the relevance of non-food offer in textiles, leisure and home furnishings. Casino has no reason to separate from Géant Casino. Our superstores are as profitable as those of our competitors, and we set the target that market share has stabilized Géant Casino this year.Remember, also, that 40% of group turnover from international have a double-digit growth in France and the formats most carriers (Franprix, Monoprix supermarket Casino …) know growth significantly, which boosts the growth of overall revenue of the Casino.

How is the recovery of your brand discount Leader Price, whose sales fell sharply last year?

This is another priority group in France in 2010. We are very pleased with the sales growth in stores converted to the new concept and we accelerate the pace of renovation of retail outlets every week.

Could you introduce CDiscount stock exchange to accelerate the deleveraging of the group?

This is not the agenda.A listing imposes many constraints on management whose priority now is to continue growing at double-digit turnover. We are the leader, but in a very competitive environment.

Can you imagine Rueducommerce complementarities with the site, which Rally has just 8% of capital?

It is a very minority participation, without presence on the board of directors.

Nestle has taken action against Casino, which distributes coffee capsules Nespresso competing …

Making coffee capsules is not allowed! You know, in this area, the magistrate is the customer. He has to decide which coffee is better.It turns out that since our Casino capsules are on sale in the Paris region, the top-selling product in our store … We will soon sell them near St. Stephen and the webcast will be gradually extended throughout our network .

The major French retailers have started savings plans that have a significant impact on their workforce. How do you handle this situation, so that distributors suffer a bad reputation of employers, with a high turnover rate and the employment of older low?

We continue to hire in our stores and discount and the number of tellers has not declined. With hindsight, we can say today that the ticket machines do not destroy jobs. Overall, our social indicators are improving. Absenteeism and turnover have decreased in recent months.This is the result of an ambitious social policy and belief that diversity in all its forms is a chance for the group. Thus, we installed in a series of specific measures to promote gender equality and we are committed to recruit 500 people over the age of 50 over three years. Concerning disability, Casino went beyond the legal quota of 6%, with 9.8% of employees concerned.

Some of your franchisees Franprix remain open illegally on Sundays after 13 hours? Do you think the evolving regulatory environment?

The Casino has always respected the law, including work on Sundays. The cases you refer to only a few franchisees that do not represent the position of the group. However, we intend to respect the law and they have made it very firmly.This issue is societal debate but attitudes and practices are changing.

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Specifically, holders of securities (Ticket Restaurant, Cheque restaurant, lunch voucher, voucher table) may offer yogurt and fruit as a breakfast without these products come with a "heart meal (sandwich, casserole fresh, frozen or canned, prepared salads and salad), as set up a charter in force since 1 March between retail and restaurant National Securities Commission (NTRC).

This text, which limits the use to two titles per checkout, had framed the scope of application of restaurant vouchers. The purchase of dairy products was already in effect accompany the famous "heart of meals."The next order will make lawful use hitherto only tolerated at the margin (the purchase of dairy products) and expand the use of meal voucher for the purchase of all fruits and vegetables, not only those immediately consumable. This means that a basket of securities paid restaurant may contain raw vegetables such as broccoli and potatoes … In the entourage of Christine Lagarde, one highlights the benefits of this extension for both health and for the agricultural sector.

"The ink is barely dry, it says, however Bercy. We are awaiting the official presentation of the report of the Working Group. "The latter was established in March, due to abuses in the supermarkets.Some users of securities not hesitate to make part of their grocery shopping with this method of payment, while the system is designed to enable employees, in particular SMEs, to pay their lunch to tax-advantaged, like those enjoyed by employees of large companies often have an in-house restaurant.

The restaurateurs are preparing to respond

Another important point Bercy wants to increase very significantly the number of outlets which can be used for the restaurant vouchers to spend from 4,000 to 10,000.These guidelines are intended to clarify practices that have evolved in recent years.

In 2009, the share of debt redemption made to the restaurant food surfaces (hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores) reached 20%, according to the NTRC, exceeding for the first time that the "similar restaurants (bakeries, delicatessens and caterers) at 19%. Directly concerned, the traditional dining and fast, which became the lion's share (61%), waiting to know the exact contents of the decree to react.

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Since 2004, Wall Street has found a new Eldorado, CDOs (collateral debt obligation). These financial products assembled from scratch, called "synthetic" because they only reflect the value of other real assets, they, as loans granted to low-income households, the famous subprime. In 2007, Goldman Sachs creates such mass-produced and dubbed "Abacus".

The needs of a large customer

Paulson & Co is the time a small hedge fund. It will become one of the biggest thanks to its bet on the decline in U.S. housing. In the year 2007, his boss will cash alone a profit of some 3.7 billion dollars and will save 15 billion to its customers! The SEC in 2006, Paulson & Co has the right intuition that the subprime market is fragile. He put on his fall.Its Paris can take two forms: buy CDS (credit default swaps), the "insurance" against default that will naturally grow in value when the risk will increase, or "short" CDOs, that is ie sell futures without holding them.

A French in the loop

Paulson & Co. is not alone in feeling the wind change on CDOs. At Goldman, you think too. This is particularly the case of a young French – the "Frenchies" are highly respected in the business of structured finance – Fabrice Tourre. The banker of 31 years, citing the SEC's complaint, went on the benches of Henri IV and Louis-le-Grand, has joined Goldman Sachs after Stanford and Central Paris. It is he who makes and sells the Abacus series. On January 23, 2007, he sent an email to a friend: "more and more leverage in the system.Any building can fall at any moment now … only surviving potential, the fabulous Fab, standing amid all these complex transactions, (…), exotic we've created without necessarily understanding all the implications of these monstrosities. "

Fraud

The fund Paulson wants to "short" of CDOs, the most fragile, if possible. Goldman is going to create. According to the SEC investigation, the investment bank has simply made the model 2007-AC1 Series Abacus according to the wishes of his client. Paulson has directly participated in the selection of loans that this CDO would be representative. The bank was then entrenched behind an independent firm, ACA. This firm, which appear to have selected the credits of this CDO when it will be sold to investors.

Goldman said that "ACA has selected the benchmark portfolio, omitting any mention of the fact that Paulson, an actor whose interests were contrary to those of investors, had played a significant role," says the SEC to justify its accusation of fraud.

In fact, few investors have bought shares knowing that a heavyweight like Paulson urged to Paris on their fall! ACA would for his part acted in good faith.While representatives from attending meetings Paulson – "surreal" by Fabrice Tourre – with those of Goldman, but suggesting that hedge funds also invest in shares of CDOs.

Victims

SEC's complaint cites two main victims of the banks handling it denounces the German IKB, the subprime crisis has brought to its knees and the Dutch ABN Amro, fully nationalized today … The first would have lost 150 million, almost all of its investment. As for ACA, it is off … "Investors of Abacus 2007-AC1 lost more than one billion dollars. The opposing positions on CDS Paulson reported a profit of approximately one billion, "says the SEC.

Subsidiary to 52% of M?t?o France, Metnext is very active in the energy sector with 16 contracts signed so far. The company works for major energy companies such as EDF or GDF Suez for Poweo as alternative actors or local operators like the Company of heating the Grenoble region.It also offers support services to hedge weather risk, for example with Pierre & Vacances.

For its part, Climpact works for a small score of the food industry such as Nestl? Waters, Lactalis or Bonduelle. For the latter, which is part of its subscribers this year, the company provides 150 per week for clues to help the vegetable processor to manage its production capacity.

Railing against the consumer

It is precisely in this area of food consumption, very sensitive to climatic changes, the two companies now want to strengthen their positions us fast cash. At weekly intervals, and Climpact Metnext have launched bids very close to making available to manufacturers and distributors of hundreds of clues in many product categories.Do not have any data in sales, and the other one signed strategic partnerships with leading market research specialized in sales in hypermarkets and supermarkets. Climpact has forged a partnership with IRI and Metnext with Nielsen. The goal is to use the databases represent cash available to these two panelists to enrich information "weather-sensitive.

In 60 families (solar products, ice creams, soups, water …), and offers 10 indices Climpact weekly (9 regional indices and 1 national index). Metnext has created an Internet platform on which it offers its customers the same battery on geographical indications in over thirty categories of products. Sixty will be available in June.The idea is to help retailers drive more precisely their supply chain to reduce inventory and prevent breaks, one of the weaknesses of the French distribution.

After a blip like this has crossed the housing market, have a good idea of the price of a property is difficult. All the buyers and sellers are determined based on their expectations about future price developments. Roughly speaking, professionals assume a status quo prices. The most optimistic evoke certain properties, the most sought increases in the order of a few percent. Others believe that the balance should tilt towards a price reduction. Mathilde Lemoine, director of economic studies of HSBC France, and expects a decline in prices of the old 4% this year.For its part, the Land Bank expects "a drop in prices of 3% in the former and stability in the new." And pout Mouillart Michel, Professor of Economics at Paris X-Nanterre, "there is no risk of sudden fall of the market.

Another less quantifiable changed with the crisis and must be taken into account. In real estate, as elsewhere, households are determined to buy at the right price, to be smart consumers and investors informed. The beating of the heart are more difficult. Today, we buy more with his head than his heart. The ball is still in the camp of buyers. They have attractive credit terms. It is indeed possible for those who have the best records, to find a fixed rate loan over fifteen years to 3.5%. It will be hard to beat. "Interest rates will necessarily undergo one or more increases in 2010," said the broker CAFP.In a market recovering, prices are difficult to read. We publish in this case the numbers of notaries, those of the Credit Foncier Fnaim and according to our tour of France prices in Ile-de-France and its regions. Searched information, necessary but not sufficient. For now, the price changes between a product with and without defects, good or bad situation, are becoming wider. To help you better understand these variations, we have pushed the investigation further. With concrete examples of prices that are resistant and those who decline (page 114) and a tour of France that you can buy if you're lucky enough to have a budget of EUR 500 000 (page 142). On most goods, prices have declined from their level two years ago. But they have not collapsed.In the Ile-de-France, for example, notaries emphasize that "the decline in prices recorded between autumn 2008 and summer 2009 was about 10%. But the downward trend in prices has "interrupted". "On an annual basis, the decline in prices between late 2008 and late 2009 is more than 5.6%," they add. This year they expect a stabilization of prices. And sounding the alarm. "The resumption of construction of new housing in the private sector is essential to stabilize the market. The shortage of quality housing appropriate to the needs of Parisians is short-term risk of a return of speculation.

The network Orpi evokes a "real recovery, but fragile." A word that recurs in several experts. Mathilde Lemoine and speaks of a "housing demand remains fragile because of imbalances persist. Yet the French like stone.After the fall of shares in 2008, the erosion rate of return on financial investments, many households have even rediscovered the charms of real estate, which enjoys a level of trust greater than financial markets. If market participants, professionals and individuals, are reasonable, it could therefore grown out of this crisis.

The purchasing power of households holding back price increases

In the nine programs are, at least for this year, many to sprout and marketing is well underway (see page 148), and some programs, proponents talk about buyers sleeping room not to miss the opening the sales office. Others talk of bidding on the price of land currently for sale. We find places for runaway phenomena. Sign of fine weather sets found for Real Estate? Nobody dares to translate it well.Because we have not yet met for the recovery that is taking shape into a market stabilized and restored. "A major risk of the recovery is that sellers reflect recovery by rising prices," says Orpi. For the market to find its stride, the sellers should stop dreaming about trees that rise to heaven, and that construction professionals are able to reflect the changing purchasing power of buyers in their projects. In a recent study based on the relationship between prices and incomes, Patrick Artus (Natixis) estimates that property prices are still too high (10 to 15% in France). Today, many proponents say, if prices rise too far, the application will not be there because the acquisition of a home no longer go into the budgets of many households. This constraint incomes and high unemployment limit the potential for price recovery.Managing the crisis will be difficult for the economy as a whole and real estate. This is the challenge of coming months to policies and professionals. For individuals who have the means to, global rates, market and taxation are conducive to a real estate purchase. If they have a project, they have a vested interest in the reality.

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London south-east England, computers and documents were seized sixteen addresses professional and personal. Of those arrested, one was working, according to the BBC, at Moore Capital, a hedge fund's most prominent in London guaranteed high risk personal loans .Two senior bankers from leading firms have also been arrested, said the FSA. These professionals are suspected of passing insider information to traders who have been through it, realize significant profits.

Earlier this month, the FSA had already ordered an ex-banker veteran Cazenove, broker to the queen. The UK intends to muscle its fight against market abuse. She plans to ask the firms in the City store and keep mobile phone conversations of some 16,000 employees.

"For many years we wanted a partner, and we have not said much before finding with perceiving people who speak the same language as us," says Christelle Bernard, CEO of the company alongside his brother, Stephen. The company, founded in 1682, had been picked up by their grandparents in 1948.

"We specialize in assisting French SMEs who need to take a course, adds Jean-Louis Grevet.We're here to help Dalloyau to regain the confidence of the financial world and to empower it to develop. "

The investment amount was not disclosed. This new money will anyway welcome to Dalloyau, who just pass through two very difficult years. After a downturn and a loss in 2008, its sales fell again in 2009, "approximately 25%" to 35 million euros, and the result remained in the red.

Faced with serious problems of liquidity, the company sought the assistance of Ciri (Interministerial Committee for Industrial Restructuring), an organization of Bercy, to negotiate a deferral of its social and tax claims. According Christelle Bernard, "less than twenty" of jobs were lost in 2009 to reduce costs.The company employs 380 people in France.

Like its competitors, Dalloyau suffered economic slowdown but especially since the fall of 2008, the collapse of the market for corporate functions. The new shareholder was nevertheless confident in its ability to recover and regain financial balance this year.

International development

With this capital injection, Dalloyau plans to invest in its image to expand its business. The brand has only six stores and two "corners" in France. It could decide to open up. Overseas, the brand has 26 outlets in franchise in Asia and the Middle East. Projects have already been announced with external partners in Qatar, Dubai and Morocco. This jewel of French gastronomy has also exported its famous macaroons in Japan.A discussion could be initiated on its installation in the United States.

Perceiving Capital was founded by former fund turnaround firms in difficulty Butler Capital. Last year, he invested in the CMW Trailor ACTM International, manufacturer of semi-trailers. It also looked at the file coachbuilder Heuliez. Her entry in Dalloyau does not occur in the form of LBO (leveraged buyout by debt).

Fran?ois Pinault jamaisn had been explicit about the fate of brands Conforama and Fnac. In an interview with Echos November 17 last, he said "I remain committed to our balance between consumer and luxury."He added: "When I became the CEO in 2005, I continued this development momentum by choosing to turn the group into global brands of equipment from the person, less dependent on their domestic market as is not the general public distribution. "

Twenty buyers would have already manifested

With the possible assignments of the Fnac and Conforama the band broke up nearly 40% of its turnover. In 2008, Fnac has indeed represented nearly 23% of group sales and Conforma just under 16%. Suffice to say that the sale of its two brands would change even further aspect of the group after the sale of spring 2006, the sale of YSL Beaute in 2008 and the flotation of a majority stake of CFAO. Meanwhile, the group has seized control of Puma in 2007.

More than focusing on the luxury sector, this change is also akin to a risky bet. Distribution activities have benefited the group in recent years to counterbalance the luxury business, which remains volatile.

Twenty buyers would have already shown in a takeover, although the head of PPR does not the IPO, as was the case for CFAO. The sale, if it occurs, should earn $ 5.9 billion (about 4 billion euros), enough to increase thereafter in the world of luxury accessories. A dozen companies are already targeted.