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Cyber ​​attacks: an exorbitant cost

Saturday, July 2nd, 2011

The numbers are staggering. In Germany, the financial damage caused by cyber crime amounted to 61.5 million euros in 2010, according to figures released Thursday by the criminal police and the Federation of high tech Bitkom. This is equivalent to an increase of 66% over the previous year. As the United States, the FBI estimated the cost of crime to some digital $ 560 million in 2009. A world-wide, according to McAfee, cyber crime would have generated some 1000 billion in 2008, about 1.64% of world GDP for that year. Remains that, without minimizing the scale of the scourge, these figures are perplexing.

Many experts give little credence to these studies because most of them emanate from computer security specialists. For the record, other than McAfee is the world number two antivirus software.In addition, "less than 10% of companies report having experienced cyber attacks," said Jean-Paul Pinte, senior lecturer in strategic intelligence at the Catholic University of Lille. According to the specialist risk management and cyber terrorists of enterprises affected societies fear the bad publicity due to media coverage of cyber attacks.

Jean-Paul Pinte, "we know nothing of the legacy and financial losses suffered indirectly." He added: "If an attack is to relieve a company of sensitive information, loss of data will generate multiple costs, such as loss of competitiveness, or the upgrading of security."

"Hard to get a comprehensive view"

Director of the National Security Information Systems (Anssi), Patrick Pailloux abounds in this direction."When a site is the victim of an attack, he takes as an example, it is first blocked, causing a shortfall. Then we must add additional costs to set up a hotline strengthened. "And on the practices of industrial espionage initiated via the Internet," How can we measure in terms of losses that a competitor could steal ?, "asks the director of Anssi. Clearly, "it is difficult to get a comprehensive view of the problem," says he.

Despite these criticisms, these figures are held up to each event on Cybercrime. However dated, the estimated one trillion dollars of McAfee is authoritative. Last May, it appeared even in the "reminder" of the fourth Parliamentary Forum on Information Society in Geneva, on the initiative, among others, the United Nations.Trompe-l'oeil, the text quoted a source stamped Europol, the pharmacy police intergovernmental European Union, which actually refers to the numbers … the software publisher.

If governments do not hesitate to chopping these impressive figures, it is often necessary to legitimize, but costly reinforcement of their agencies against digital piracy. Or clear, make the pill easier to swallow from taxpayers. In January, the UK has estimated that cyber attacks cost him a whopping 27 billion pounds per year (32.2 billion euros) in a government study.An amount (by far) greater than the harm claimed by the United States … A few days before making public figure, London has announced the release of 650 million pounds over four years to "strengthen its cyber security " freecreditscore

International cooperation in the war-horse

Without waving the national figures, France is no exception, as evidenced by the announcement of piracy Bercy in March. Patrick Pailloux it was for the state to "lead by example" to encourage companies to report piracy they wipe. The Director of Anssi said that 150 computers were then infiltrated by hackers to steal documents for the French presidency of the G20. "We were able to counter the threat," he goes on, noting that thirty experts have been mobilized for two months to "clean up" more than 130,000 positions in the Department.A communication that is timely, since Anssi plans to double its workforce (360 employees) by 2013.

Such methods may be distasteful, but experts and politicians agree: there is no time to waste on the face of digital crime. "For a long time in France, we thought that hacking and computer intrusions were not really dangerous, says Jean-Paul Pinte. But now we know that it's become a real business, and that the threat can come from anywhere: a simple USB key, hard drives or even photocopiers, which, connected to the Internet can become the target of hackers ".

Therefore, international cooperation, which requires significant resources, is "a priority," insists Patrick Pailloux. And for good reason: "90% of attacks are international," says the director of Anssi.In the columns of The Tribune, Laurent Wauquiez, Minister for European Affairs, recently recalled that a hacker "can be installed in Latvia, while in France to intervene through a Canadian site." He even considers urgent that Europe adopts "a kind of cyber-FBI-backed Europol" to stem the digital crime. And one last statistic to shoot, ensuring that "a user of thirty lost money in Europe over the last year" due to a hacker.

Businesses, prey selection

Having surveyed 45 U.S. companies in 2010, the Ponemon Institute found that on average, the financial damage caused by hackers and data theft was $ 3.8 million.Like that of McAfee, this figure is to be taken lightly, as though Ponemon shows his independence, his study was commissioned by ArcSight, a specialist in digital security. However, it appears that large groups are increasingly being targeted by hackers. Since the beginning of the year, the list of companies or institutions that have suffered cyberattacks has continued to grow. Sony has suffered more than ten attacks since mid-April, leading to theft of confidential data of more than 1 million customer accounts. Recently, Sega has had the same misfortune: the editor of the series of Sonic hedgehog found in mid-June have been stolen names, email addresses, birth dates and passwords of almost 1.3 million customers on its servers.Google or Citigroup also suffered cyber attacks.

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Rumors surrounding the release of Apple TV

Wednesday, June 29th, 2011

The scenario leading to the release of Apple TV is taking shape. As the months that preceded the presentation of the iPad, in January 2010, the indices in Asia begin to multiply. Since the beginning of the year, analysts who were on the scene returned with the assurance that Apple had already started working with his subcontractors on the project. "Apple is in the preliminary stages of designing a TV," wrote this weekend Katy Huberty, the investment bank Morgan Stanley.

The entry of Apple in the TV segment, though still in the rumors, is already the subject of scholarly speculation in financial circles.According to the analyst Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray, which published a note last week, an Apple TV would make the company an annual turnover of $ 2 billion in 2012, a total market of hundred billion dollars. For its part, Morgan Stanley expects additional revenues long-term $ 19 billion, three-quarters of revenues generated by the iPhone in 2010.

The Apple TV built into a TV

If the analysts are so sure two is that while Apple pushes prior to embarking on television. The company initially afford, thanks to profits generated in recent years by the iPhone and iPad. Perched on a cash reserve of 77 billion dollars, Apple announced earlier this year signed a two-year contract for $ 3.9 billion from a mysterious supplier.According to Gene Munster, this investment will supply 3.5-inch screen (diagonal measurement of the iPhone) to 50-inch TVs.

More importantly, analysts point out that the TV fits perfectly into the strategy of Apple. The company markets since 2007 Steve Jobs Apple TV, a box that provides access to the contents of Mac and online services on the big screen the show. First described as a "hobby", the small device has received a major update last fall. He is now based on the same basis as the iPhone, which takes the processor and operating system, IOS. Apple has sold 2 million since then.

Leaving a TV, so Apple could integrate Apple TV into a flat screen and add some new features free business cards."Videoconferencing FaceTime, the App Store App Store and iTunes and the game would find their natural place," writes Brian White Ticonderoga Securities. This TV would display the photos, music and files stored on icloud, the new storage online Apple suggests Gene Munster. As for Apple TV today, the unit would go from an iPhone or an iPad, as a remote control.

The reluctance of TV

Analysts who have studied the subject, the players already installed, such as Samsung, LG and Sony have every reason to fear the arrival of Apple. The power of its brand and the uniqueness of its design would wreak havoc. "Television is the center of living rooms around the world, and an Apple TV would likely be a huge success," anticipates Ticonderoga Securities.As for the iPhone, Apple could attempt to enter the market by the high-end model with a 2000 dollars, Piper Jaffray suggested in the summer of 2010.

In addition to competing with electronics manufacturers, Apple would also respond to Google and Microsoft, that have made television a major development. After testing mixed in television connected, Microsoft has taken a strong position in the home through the Xbox 360, and its video-on-demand and video conferencing. Google, which launched last year the platform Google TV, is it more worthwhile. But a major update, dubbed "Fishtank" is in preparation.

Despite these optimistic forecasts, Apple will have to adapt outside the United States in very specific local markets.In France, telecom operators already provide access to video on demand and Internet through their "box", very well established. For now, televisions connected televisions are more "connected", judged last week Nonce Paolini. Preparing for the arrival of Apple and Google, the owner of TF1 has also requested a "sanctuary of the signal" so that these new actors in television do not add information connected interactive emission channels without permission.

The difference between the iPhone and Android narrows

Saturday, June 18th, 2011

Android has not exceeded the iPhone in France. At the end of April, the Apple smartphone was the most used in France, according to data from comScore reported to figaro.fr. After a breakthrough hit in 2010, the models using the Google system have indeed grown more timid at the beginning of the year. They represented the end of April 24% of the installed base (3.5 million users), against 21.8% three months earlier.

While growth slowed slightly to Android, the gap with the iPhone is still more tenuous than ever. Always installed first, with 4 million users aged 13 and over (27.9%), the smartphone from Apple is losing ground.Conversely, Research In Motion, the maker of BlackBerry continues to grow (9.2%), while Microsoft is showing some signs of tremor phone through Windows 7 (7.5%), after falling to the lowest in March.

Apple changes its position

Continuing the momentum, Android could surpass the iPhone in France this summer, thanks to the arrival of new flagship models like HTC and Samsung S Desire Galaxy S2. Very aggressive, the South Korean manufacturer is the one who benefits most from the success of Android in the country. The number of users of its smartphones has more than quadrupled in a year, according to comScore free business cards.The trend is the same abroad: Japanese analyst firm Nomura expects Samsung to become number one in sales from that quarter, to Apple and Nokia.

Already exceeded by Android a year ago the number of users in the United States, however, Apple has found a solution to always appear first rankings. At its last conference in San Francisco in early June, Steve Jobs presented statistics comparing the Google system not only to the iPhone, but also to other mobile devices running IOS with the system, that is to say the iPad and iPod touch. A comparison to his advantage, puisqu'Android is still in its infancy in the shelves and almost absent from the players.

As the United States, Apple also increases his lead over Android in France when we accept this method of calculation.So a little over 6 million French people using terminals iOS, against 4,000,000 for the Google system, according to comScore survey. As the United States, owners of iPad is a little older than the average smartphone users. They also have more often an iPhone or a Samsung phone, and are less likely to Nokia and BlackBerry.

Rising prices stabilized in May in France

Wednesday, June 15th, 2011

Lull on the inflation front. The price increase was limited to 0.1% in May (+2% yoy), according to figures released Wednesday by the INSEE. "Increases and decreases balance almost note INSEE. The seasonal increase in prices of fresh produce is particularly strong this year and other food products is important for the contrary, prices of energy and transport services and communications are down. "

The food products saw prices rise by 1% in a month. Growth driven by fresh products (+3.4%).Fresh fruits such as they are down 1% year over year, recorded a jump of 8.1% in May! Other foods suffer the consequences of soaring agricultural commodities: coffee, tea and cocoa rose 2.1% (+6.2% yoy), oils and fats by +1.4% (+4, 7% a year), bread and cereals by 0.6% (+1.7% yoy) and meat by +0.6% (+2.2% yoy).

"This explains why the French have a real sense of erosion of their ability to consume: the rates of many symbolic products purchased daily and can vary abruptly, which frankly is not likely to reassure them," says Alexander Law , chief economist at Xerfi.

Decline in telecoms

For the first time in eight months, energy prices have however declined by 1.3% in May after an increase of similar magnitude in April (+11.3% yoy), following the fall in prices barrel of oil. In detail, fuels recorded a more moderate decline of this set, to -1.4% over the month. It is "both for seasonal reasons and because of different tax rates, advance INSEE.

All prices for services other stores edged up 0.1% in May while the telecommunication tariffs fell by 1.1% (-2.4% yoy). Manufacturing (automotive, furniture, clothing, …) are also down (-0.1%).

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The CAC 40 expected a slight increase

Monday, June 13th, 2011

Slight increase expected on Monday in the Paris Bourse, in the wake of the Asian stock markets, including that of Tokyo, weighed down by disappointing statistics, and uncertainties about the evolution of the global economy. On Friday, the benchmark index in Paris ended its session already clearly in the red (-1.90%) and signed a sixth consecutive week of decline, erasing its gains since the beginning of the year. At 8:15 AM, futures contracts on the CAC 40 advanced 0.17%, to 3803 points.

Clearly, the objective of the meeting will be to keep the bar of 3800 points, narrowly saved this weekend dernière.Aucun major macroeconomic indicator is expected for Monday of Pentecost, which is also expected to take place in low volumes. In this day of solidarity in which the majority of employees stay home, exchanges should in fact been limited.Especially as the business side, no publication is awaited. Again, macroeconomic considerations should therefore guide the market for the first weekly session, including uncertainties about the Greek situation.

Side currency, the euro remained under 1.44 dollars on Monday morning after he experienced back Friday when he was the most sold since the beginning of the month because of disagreements between the various parties the solution to support the Grèce.Vers 8:00 in Paris, the European single currency was worth 1.4343 dollars against 1.4348 dollars on Friday night after coming close last Monday the threshold of $ 1.47 for the first time in a month .

Same side of the volatility of oil prices in a market torn between the prospects of increased production by Saudi Arabia and the maintenance of quotas decided by OPEC.In morning trading, a barrel of light sweet crude for July delivery lost 9 cents 99.20 dollars. That of Brent North Sea crude for delivery gained 13 cents to equal 118.91 dollars.

As for values ​​to follow

Altran

Yves de Chaisemartin lost Friday the group's management, the Board of Directors of the technology consulting company has designated Philip Hall to replace him.

Air France – KLM

The airline's traffic in the Paris airports Roissy and Orly airports may be disrupted on Monday due to a strike notice filed by a union of mechanics on the ground, have we learned from the company.

LVMH

Sephora, the cosmetics distribution subsidiary of luxury group, said to have strengthened his hand in the round of Corsica in Russia, becoming the majority shareholder in nearly three years after joining the company's capital .

EDF

NPP Bugey in Ain, had to reduce its production by 10-15% in late May and early June due to increased water temperatures of the Rhone, an effect of the heat wave spring.

Eutelsat

San Marino RTV has selected two Eutelsat satellites to broadcast its programs through Italy and Europe as of June 13

EADS

Airbus chief says EADS, parent company of Airbus, would be protected against hostile takeover bids but, to this end, it was not essential that Germany be a shareholder in the group.

Carrefour

The management of the distribution group said Sunday, a day after a protest movement, have made a major effort for employees of Carrefour Market stores in terms of purchasing power.

New Aid to Greece: Berlin stands up to the ECB

Saturday, June 11th, 2011

Angela Merkel and her finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble, returned armed with a new determination of their stay in Washington this week. The Administration of Barack Obama wants to see Germany play its leadership role in the crisis of European debt. The Chancellor and his lieutenant have closed ranks of their majority, to vote in the Bundestag the principle of a new aid to Greece. But Berlin has gone on the offensive against the European Central Bank (ECB) to try to impose a debt restructuring Greek.

Convinced Europhile, Schäuble got this Friday, the members support in principle for a new aid to Athens, after a fervent plea for the "German responsibility toward Europe.""It is we who have benefited most from the euro," insisted the minister, "and as such we have a responsibility towards Europe," and even "a responsibility to the world." After stirred a debate, members of the majority adopted a resolution supporting the principle of a new aid in Athens, under certain conditions. The text has a limited legal value, but for the government, its adoption has strong symbolic significance.

In his speech to the Bundestag, Schäuble indicated his willingness to agree with the ECB on modalities. Powered by government sources in Berlin, the German media are lashing on the ECB.

Accused of "Badbank"

Supposed to protect the euro by a foolproof financial orthodoxy in the German spirit, it has always been suspected by Berlin to maintain a "stability culture" doubtful.Here it is accused of playing the role of "badbank" because it takes as collateral assets degraded and Greek bonds bought on the market by threatening bankruptcy.

The debt restructuring Greek, considered indispensable by Schäuble, it would pose significant risk. Therefore she would have objected. The chief economist of the ECB, Germany's Juergen Stark, has protested against these accusations, this Friday, and defended the reputation of the monetary institution. "It is clear that the ECB and the Eurosystem took additional risks on their balance sheets," he conceded. He added: "It is misleading the public that the only point of balance sheet of the ECB, because monetary policy is conducted with the national central banks. We have monitoring bodies, we tightened our requirements for collateral accepted.We are neither naive nor ignorant of the risks. "Pushed by deputies and a disgruntled public, Schäuble is not ready to drop his arm wrestling.

Microcredit is a public increasingly wide

Monday, June 6th, 2011

For Adie (Association for the Right to Economic Initiative), this week is crucial. From June 7 to 11, during the 7th week of Microcredit it organizes, the association collects more than 7,000 applications for funding so that it provides almost 12,000 per year. It is also an opportunity for this structure, a pioneer of microcredit in France and Europe, to remind the public that this formula is not restricted to developing countries and is effective in supporting microenterprises. "This formula is one way of returning to work essential in today's society," says Catherine Barbaroux, new president of Adie.She succeeds Maria Nowak, creator and executive structure for more than twenty years.

To date, over 100,000 microloans (the original financing plan must be less than 8000 euros) have already been granted to entrepreneurs or unemployed recipients of social minima. Catherine Barbaroux estimated that the 12,000 annual cases followed today could be doubled by 2015. It has to be founded on the 130 and 190 antennas permanence of the association spread over the territory. "Our statistics show that the entrepreneurs that we support have the same success rate as other entrepreneurs," she says.

Forums in France

These microentrepreneurs also create jobs other than their own, since the average is 1.38 jobs per company, says she.Finally, if the major projects on trade and personal services, Catherine Barbaroux believes that microenterprise is perfectly suited to innovative services such as on sustainable development.

To popularize microcredit, the forums will be held in Paris, Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Nantes and Marseille. But it is especially the testimony of microentrepreneurs that mark the minds about the effectiveness of this boost. "I needed 3,000 euros to complete my file and start my cycle shop in Paris, remembers Jean-Pierre Gestin, the RMI at the time, with two dependent children. Impossible in a traditional bank. In Adie, I was just received, warmly, and it was resolved in a fortnight. And since I work. "As for Dominique Voisin, she was able to launch its activity nursery collection in the Nantes region thanks to the credit that's nearly seven years."It's difficult to be supported by a traditional bank when we launched over 40 years and that there is no regular income," she admits. Today she put on her new website to market more widely rare plants they have.

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Smart put on the agreement with Renault

Wednesday, June 1st, 2011

After holding the position of sales manager of Mercedes in Europe, Annette Winkler, 50, agreed last September a big challenge, taking the direction of Smart. For if, in the automotive division of Germany's Daimler, sales of the brand with the star jumped 15.3% last year, they have instead of Smart fell by 16.6% falling below the 100,000 copies (97,500).

Main challenge, launched in 2007, the current ForTwo, which "is in the middle of its life cycle has not been renewed recently, the boss says Le Figaro Smart. Since the shutdown of the Roadster (end 2005) and the Forfour (2006), this small two-seater declined in coupe and convertible is the only model in the range.

The Paris Bourse falls below the 3900 points

Wednesday, May 25th, 2011

On Wednesday morning, the CAC 40 dropped: index assigns points to 0.73% and falls below the 3900 points to 3888.12 points exactly, having managed to scrounge a few points yesterday. Concerns over debt crisis persists European: German morale, according to Gfk survey, should continue its degradation in June for the third straight month due to the debt crisis in the euro zone and the outbreak oil. The index shows a decrease to 5.5 against 5.7 in May In addition, the Netherlands and Germany are threatening to commit the privatization of the Greek economy to foreign experts, reveals leFinancial Times.A new threat which seeks to lobby the Greek government to take drastic cost-saving measures.

All eyes are turning to the Minister of Economy Christine Lagarde, the favorite to succeed DSK to head the International Monetary Fund, which should give a press conference "important" to the Department late Wednesday morning. Moreover, in France, we look particularly figures on registered job seekers and job advertisements collected by Pole in April. Baroin, Minister of Labour, has already warned that the unemployment rate would decline again in April for the fourth consecutive month.United States, is expected at 14:30 durable goods orders in April, at 16.30, the weekly inventory of crude oil.

With regard to the Icelandic volcano, France should be minimally affected, which should reassure the airline industry.

The euro, he, relapse as well as the European crisis inqiuiète. The euro lost 0.49% against the dollar at 1.4034 dollar this morning at 9 o'clock.

Airbus confident for Le Bourget

Side companies, Cac auncune value is in the green. Among the largest declines, we find Vallourec (-2.06%) Alcatel-Lucent (-1.70%) and STMicroelectronics (-1.49%).

Consumer complaints of gas and electricity rose 25% in 2010, about problems with their energy supplier.The mediator of Energy notes that complaints from customers at 43% of GDF Suez (-0.45% to 25.56 euros), 38% of those of EDF (-0.42% to 28.14 euros), 12% of Direct Energy and 4% of customers Poweo (balance to 3.91 euros).

Airbus and its parent EADS (-1.09% to 22.32 euros) were optimistic Tuesday on future orders at the Paris Air Show in June in a market "active."

Carrefour (-0.45% to 30.15 euros) announced Wednesday the appointment of Mathilde Lemoine to the position of independent director of the group, replacing Jean-Martin Folz, who left the board for divergence of views on strategy.

The French group Alstom and its Chinese joint venture Casco signed two contracts worth a total of 85 million euros for the supply of signaling systems in metros of Shanghai (east) and Kunming (south).

The partner of minority shareholders (Adam) who assigned Tuesday referred the saddle Hermes (-0.88% to 174.30 euros) for "depriving" the essential rights to vote at the next family meeting, has been confronted with an invalid procedure and the case was adjourned to July 12. Or after the meeting to be held June 30

Casino (-0.46% to 72.96 euros) denied on Tuesday it had agreed to the opening of the opening of negotiations between the Brazilian distributor GPA, which holds 35%, and Carrefour Brazil.

PPR (-0.81% to 116.75 euros) and Volcom announced Tuesday it had received notification of the end of the statutory review period on the bid of French on the American brand.

Rexel (-0.73% to 17.60 euros) announced Tuesday it had won its bond issue of 500 million euros, whose order book has surpassed 1.8 billion euros.

Eurazeo (+0.02% to 56.25 euros) on Tuesday announced a capital increase, offering its shareholders one new share for 20 old shares held as of May 25, 2011.

The land Gecina (+0.02% at 98.52 euros), in 2nd place behind France in Unibail-Rodamco will continue to sell its assets in Spain and in the logistics industry, said Tuesday its chief executive Christophe Clamageran .

BioMerieux (-0.05% to 78 euros) announced Tuesday that the Health Authority (FDA) had recorded rapid testing and automated molecular diagnostic NucliSENS EasyQ MRSA screening for patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus resistant methicillin.

Europacorp (+0.24% to 4.22 euros) will publish its annual turnover, while LCD (poultry) will announce its annual results after-hours trading.

The CAC 40 is expected to stabilize

Tuesday, May 24th, 2011

On this day 50 years in the OECD, the Paris Bourse should behave a little better. The Cac 40, which has suffered heavy losses on Monday, weighed down by bad signs including the Italian debt, and could resume his spirits a bit, like the Asian stock markets on Tuesday morning, which had fallen the night before. Last night on Wall Street, U.S. indexes also ended in deep red.

It will also monitor the evolution of the Milan Stock Exchange, which lost more than 3% the day before because of the prospect of lowering the debt rating of Italy by Standard and Poor's. But the rating agency has reassured last night assuring that the country would not need help. The government has prepared an austerity plan of 40 billion euros.

On Tuesday, the Brussels Stock Exchange is likely to be heckled while Fitch has placed the country's debt on negative watch.

To this day wait at the front of economic data likely to move the trend in France, the monthly business survey in industry, in construction, in retail trade and repair services for automobiles and May fall to 8.45. Even now, the business climate and economic downturn, still on May, are known. In Germany, Destatis publish the detailed GDP in the first quarter (8:00) and Ifo important barometer of the morale of the financial community will be unveiled at 11 am. In the EU, we will connsaissance new orders in industry in March (11:00).While the United States, 16 hours, we will note the new home sales in April (16 hours) payday loans direct lenders.

Bickering between Carrefour and Casino

Side values, expected interim results from Compagnie des Alpes.

Casino boss, Jean-Charles Naouri, did not appreciate the discussions for a merger between Carrefour and the leader of the Brazilian supermarkets, CBD.

Moreover, S & P is considering lowering the rating of Dexia because of its exposure to Greece.

Vallourec has announced the acquisition of Zamil Pipes, the leading processing and finishing of seamless tubes for oil and gas industry in Saudi Arabia for 96 million euros.

EDF and Enel are among the groups under discussion with Russia's Rosatom to participate in its proposed nuclear plant in Kaliningrad, Russia.

CVC Capital Partners has reached an agreement to repurchase shares in the family holding Delachaux offered for sale at a price of 83 euros per share.

Areva has announced the acquisition of 30% stake in its Brazilian subsidiary Areva Koblitz it did not already own.

BigBen Interactive has filed a proposed acquisition of Modelabs that values ​​the maker of mobile phones tailored and specialist distributor of telecom products between 90 and 100 million euros, announced Monday the Financial Markets Authority (AMF). The group will publish its annual résutlats Tuesday.

Note Iliad, Arkema, EDF, Société générale Gecina and hold their general meeting today.

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